2024英文合同（精选29篇）
2024英文合同 篇1
Client: _________ (referred to as Party A)
Address: ___________________________
Tel: ___________________________
Fax: ___________________________
Trustee: __________ (referred to as "Party B")
Address: ___________________________
Tel: ___________________________
Fax: ___________________________
In accordance with the principle of good faith, according to the relevant provisions of the lawyers law, the general principles of civil law, the contract law and other laws and regulations, Party A and Party B have reached the following provisions on the issue of Party As entrustment to Party B through friendly negotiation.
Chapter 1 entrustment
The first item that Party A entrusts Party B is: the entrusting payment.
1. Party A entrusts Party B to take legal means and measures to properly solve the problem of party a _________ _________ million yuan, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Party A in accordance with the law.
2. the parties agree that Party Bs agency: - non - risk agency risk agency;
Second party a guarantee
1. the receipt of Party Bs receipt shall not violate the relevant laws and regulations of the state, and shall not infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of others.
2. to provide Party B with the true and comprehensive background of the entrustment collection, as well as the effective clues.
3.within the validity period of this agreement, no third party shall be entrusted without the written consent of Party B. otherwise, Party A shall pay the performance fee and commission to Party B according to the provisions of this agreement if Party B has fulfilled the obligations of this agreement.
4. during the effective period of this Agreement without the written consent of Party B in this Agreement and cant reach any agreements or arrangements and shall not be deemed, otherwise Party B has fulfilled its obligations under this agreement, Party A shall pay according to the agreement compliance costs and commissions to Party b;
5. without the written consent of Party B, the identity of Party B and the content of this Agreement shall not be leaked to the investigator.
6. actively cooperate with Party Bs work and provide timely information and support in accordance with Party Bs needs.
Third party B guarantee
1. from the date of the signing of this agreement, the Party A shall be promptly informed of the substantive progress of the entrustment.
2. the entrustment receipts entrusted to the Party A and the secret of the business secrets of Party A know in the course of the investigation.
Third chapter cost and payment
The Fourth Party A shall pay the agency commission to Party B in accordance with the following provisions:
1. non risk agents: Party A shall pay to Party B in the signing of the contract upfront costs _________ yuan, according to the commission the amount of debt payment _________%.
2. risk agency: Party A should be in receipt of the debt after the day to pay the Commission, the Commission according to the amount paid _________%.
The fourth chapter the entry into force of the contract and the dissolution of the contract
The fifth agreement shall come into force on the date of signature and seal by Party A and B.
Sixth in the case of the following circumstances, Party B has the right to unilaterally terminate this Agreement:
1. Party A has violated the guarantee and commitment in the second chapter, making this agreement impossible or difficult to carry on.
2. the entrustment receipts entrusted by Party A are difficult to confirm.
Seventh in the case of the following circumstances, Party A shall have the right to unilaterally terminate this Agreement:
Party B has violated its guarantee and commitment in the third chapter, making this agreement impossible or difficult to carry on.
The fifth chapter of breach of contract
Eighth if any party ("defaulting party") in violation of the obligations under this agreement, the party in breach in receipt of the other party ("non defaulting party") for correction of the breach of the written notice, should immediately stop its breach of contract and compensation for losses caused by the non breaching party so all in _____ days. If the defaulting party shall continue to breach or do not fulfill their obligations, the other party in all its losses and get the party in breach compensation, also has the right to terminate this agreement.
The Ninth Party A, in violation of its guarantee and commitment in the second article of this agreement, does not have the right to request Party B to return the Commission, and shall bear the loss incurred by Party B.
The tenth Party B shall return the Commission to Party A, and shall bear the loss incurred by Party A as a result of the breach of its guarantee and commitment in the third article of this agreement.
The Eleventh Party B shall not refund the initial cost for the termination of this agreement by the sixth article of this agreement.
Twelfth if Party A cant pay the Commission to Party B according to the prescribed time, each overdue day shall pay to Party B ____% surcharge.
The parties are not liable for the thirteenth article, which can not be performed by this agreement due to force majeure.
The sixth chapter dispute settlement
Fourteenth if both parties to the dispute should be resolved through consultation, the consultation fails any party shall have the right to apply for arbitration or litigation _________.
The seventh chapter
The fifteenth articles of this Agreement shall be settled by Party A and B by negotiation.
The sixteenth appendix of this agreement is an effective part of the contract and has the same legal effect.
The seventeenth article of this agreement is two copies, each party holds one copy and has the same legal effect.
Party A (Gai Zhang): Party B: _________ _________ (Gai Zhang)
Party A: Party B: ______________ _____________
The time of signing: _____________
2024英文合同 篇2
Party A:
Party B :
This agreement of lease is made on this _____day of december ______by and between:
Mrs. ghazala waheed w/o abdul waheed, adult, r/o house no.___, dha, lahore cantt, (hereinafter to as the lessor of the one part).andmr.___,r/o china, refereed to as the lessee of the other part.(expression “lessor” and “lessee” wherever the context so permit shall always mean and include their respective heirs, successors legal representative and assignees).
Whereas the lessor is the lawful owner and in lawful possession of house no,___,dha, lahore cantt, consisting of 4 bedrooms with bath, d/d,tv; lounge, kitchen, store, servant, quarter together with fixtures and fitting (hereinafter collectively called the demised premises).
And whereas the lessor has agreed the lease and the lessee has agreed to take on lease the demised premises on the terms and condition as given below:
1. This agreement in only valid if lessee is renewed and extended for the lease period.
2. The lessor lets lessee takes the demissed premises for a period of 12 monthscommencing from 15th january _____. the lease is renewable for a further period as may be mutually agreed in writing on expiry of the lease period
3. The rent of the demised premises shall be usd3,300/-(us dollars three thousand and three hundred only) per month
4.The lessor hereby acknowledges receipt of the sum of usd.19,800/-(us dollars nineteen thousand and eight hundred only) per month.
5.It is hereby agreed between the parties that the lessee shall pay the aforesaid monthly rent usd. 3,300/-(us dollars three thousand and three hundred only) as the monthly rental advance by 20th of each calendar month for which if is due after completion of advance rent period ending on 15th july _____.
6. That the lessor hereby acknowledges receipt of the sum of rs.60,000/-(rupees sixty thousand only) from the lessee as fixed edposit security which shall be refunded to the lessee on giving back the vacant possession of the demised premises after deduction of damages/shortages outstanding bills for electricity, water, gas and telephone charges etc, against the demised premises.
The lessee herby convenants with lessor as following:
1. To pay to the lessor the rent hereby reserved in the manner before mentioned.
2. That the lessee shall not at any time during the terms, without the consent in writing of the lessor, pull down, damages or make any structure alterations to the demised premeses provided always, the lessee shall have go write install any fixtures and fittings excluding air-conditioners in the demised premeses, to detach and repossess the same subject to the restoration of the demised premeses to their original state at his cost (reasonable wear and tear excepted) on the expiry of this lease or any renewal hereof.
3. To use the demises premises for residential purpose and would not be used for a commercial purpose the demises premise would not be used occupied by mr. ___and family.
4. Not to sublet the whole or any part of the premises.
5.To pay regularly the bills for electricity, gas, water and telephone charges in respect of the demised premises. a copy of all the paid utility bill be forwarded to the lessor every three month regularly. in case of disconnection of any facility due to non-payment, lessee will be responsible to get them restored and pay the same. all dues must be cleared before the expiry of the lease.
6.The lessee shall keep and maintain the said premises in good and tenantable conditions during the tenure of the lease.
the lessor hereby convenants with the lessee as following:
1. To pay all existing and future rate, taxes assessments and other charges of a public nature whether impose by the municipality, government or any other authority in respect of demised premises.
2. Not to erect or set up a building or structure on the demises premises nor to add to any existing building or structure during the period of lease or any renewal without the written consent of the lessee.
it is hereby declear and muturally agreed between the lessor and lessee ans follwing:
1. The lessee and the lessor shall have the right and option to terminate this lease at any time only after the expiry of the lease period i.e, 24 months, provided they give one (1) month notice in advance to either of the parties.
2. The meter reading of various utilities are as given below:Utility meter number today’s reading
a) Elecricity __________________
b) Gas _________________________
c) Telephone ___________________
d) Water _______________________
3. That the lessee has also agreed with the lessor for a mandatory increase in rent by 10% per annum, the rent would be enhanced to rs.36,300/-( rupees thirty six thousand and three hundred only), should the lessor and i essee mutually to renew the lease. it can be negotiated between the parties.
Wwhereof the parties hereto have executed these presents on the and day above written.
Lesssor:______________________
Mrs. ghazala waheed
Nic no._______________________
Lessee________________________
Mr. __________________________
Chinese passport no.__________
2024英文合同 篇3
合同编号(contract no.) ：_______
签订日期(date) ：___________
签订地点(signed at) ：_________
买方：__________________________
the buyer：________________________
地址：__________________________
address： _________________________
电话(tel)：___________ 传真(fax)：__________
电子邮箱(e-mail)：______________________
卖方：___________________________
the seller：_________________________
地址：___________________________
address： __________________________
电话(tel)：_________ 传真(fax)：___________
电子邮箱(e-mail)：______________________
买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同：
the seller and the buyer agree to conclude this contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below：
1.货物名称、规格和质量(name， specifications and quality of commodity)：
2. 数量(quantity)：
允许____的溢短装(___% more or less allowed)
3. 单价(unit price)：
4. 总值(total amount)：
5. 交货条件(terms of delivery) fob/cfr/cif_______
6. 原产地国与制造商 (country of origin and manufacturers)：
7. 包装及标准(packing)：
货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。
the packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness， rust， moisture， erosion and shock， and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation. the seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing. the measurement， gross weight， net weight and the cautions such as “do not stack up side down”， “keep away from moisture”， “handle with care” shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.
8. 唛头(shipping marks)：
9. 装运期限(time of shipment)：
10. 装运口岸(port of loading)：
11. 目的口岸(port of destination)：
12. 保险(insurance)：
由____按发票金额110%投保_____险和_____附加险。
insurance shall be covered by the ________ for 110% of the invoice value against _______ risks and __________ additional risks.
13. 付款条件(terms of payment)：
(1) 信用证方式：买方应在装运期前/合同生效后__日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证，信用证在装船完毕后__日内到期。
letter of credit： the buyer shall， ______ days prior to the time of shipment /after this contract comes into effect， open an irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the seller. the letter of credit shall expire ____ days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.
(2) 付款交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单(d/p)方式，通过卖方银行及_____银行向买方转交单证，换取货物。
documents against payment： after shipment， the seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the buyer and deliver the documents through sellers bank and ______ bank to the buyer against payment， i.e d/p. the buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s) of exchange.
(3) 承兑交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为____后__日，按即期承兑交单(d/a__日)方式，通过卖方银行及______银行，经买方承兑后，向买方转交单证，买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。
documents against acceptance： after shipment， the seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange， payable_____ days after the buyers delivers the document through sellers，ank and _________bank to the buyer against acceptance (d/a___ days)。 the buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange.
(4) 货到付款：买方在收到货物后__天内将全部货款支付卖方(不适用于 fob、crf、cif术语)。
cash on delivery (cod)： the buyer shall pay to the seller total amount within ______ days after the receipt of the goods (this clause is not applied to the terms of fob， cfr， cif)。
14. 单据(documents required)：
卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收：
the seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection：
(1) 标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。
full set of clean on board ocean/combined transportation/land bills of lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/ to collect;
(2) 标有合同编号、信用证号(信用证支付条件下)及装运唛头的商业发票一式__份;
signed commercial invoice in ______copies indicating contract no.， l/c no. (terms of l/c) and shipping marks;
(3) 由______出具的装箱或重量单一式__份;
packing list/weight memo in ______ copies issued by__;
(4) 由______出具的质量证明书一式__份;
certificate of quality in _______ copies issued by____;
(5) 由______出具的数量证明书一式__份;
certificate of quantity in ___ copies issued by____;
(6) 保险单正本一式__份(cif 交货条件);
insurance policy/certificate in ___ copies (terms of cif);
(7)____签发的.`产地证一式__份;
certificate of origin in ___ copies issued by____;
(8) 装运通知(shipping advice)： 卖方应在交运后_____ 小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第__项单据副本一式一套。
the seller shall， within ____ hours after shipment effected， send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents no. __。
15. 装运条款(terms of shipment)：
(1) fob交货方式
卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天，以____方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期，以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后，如卖方不能按时装船，发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船弦并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。
the seller shall， 30 days before the shipment date specified in the contract， advise the buyer by _______ of the contract no.， commodity， quantity， amount， packages， gross weight， measurement， and the date of shipment in order that the buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space. in the event of the seller‘s failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port， all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the seller’s account.
(2) cif或cfr交货方式
卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在cfr术语下，卖方应在装船前2天以____方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买方安排保险。
the seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the port of destination. under cfr terms， the seller shall advise the buyer by _________ of the contract no.， commodity， invoice value and the date of dispatch two days before the shipment for the buyer to arrange insurance in time.
16. 装运通知(shipping advice)：
一俟装载完毕，卖方应在__小时内以____方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。
the seller shall， immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods， advise the buyer of the contract no.， names of commodity， loading quantity， invoice values， gross weight， name of vessel and shipment date by_________within________hours.
17. 质量保证(quality guarantee)：
货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定，品质保证期为货到目的港__个月内。在保证期限内，因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。
the seller shall guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quatity， specifications and quantity specified in this contract and letter of quality guarantee. the guarantee period shall be______months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination， and during the period the seller shall be responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.
18. 检验(inspection)(以下两项任选一项)：
(1)卖方须在装运前__日委托______检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托________检验机构进 行检验。
the seller shall have the goods inspected by ______ days before the shipment and have the inspection certificate issued by____. the buyer may have the goods reinspected by ________ after the goods，rrival at the destination.
(2) 发货前，制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面 的检验，出具检验证明书，并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后，买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验，如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符，除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外，买方得在货物到达目的港后__日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内，如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。
the manufacturers shall， before delivery， make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality， specifications， performance and quantity/weight， and issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the inspection. after arrival of the goods at the port of destination， the buyer shall apply to china commodity inspection bureau (hereinafter referred to as ccib) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods. if damages of the goods are found， or the specifications and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this contract， except when the responsibilities lies with insurance company or shipping company， the buyer shall， within _____ days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination， claim against the seller， or reject the goods according to the inspection certificate issued by ccib. in case of damage of the goods incurred due to the design or manufacture defects and/or in case the quality and performance are not in conformity with the contract， the buyer shall， during the guarantee period， request ccib to make a survey.
19. 索赔(claim)：
买方凭其委托的检验机构出具的检验证明书向卖方提出索赔(包括换货)，由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述索赔后______天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买方索赔。
the buyer shall make a claim against the seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the seller. the claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the seller fail to reply within ______days after the seller received the buyer‘s claim.
20. 迟交货与罚款(late delivery and penalty)：
除合同第21条不可抗力原因外，如卖方不能按合同规定的时间交货，买方应同意在卖方支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除，罚款率按每__天收__%，不足__天时以__天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交 货物总价的____ %.如卖方延期交货超过合同规定__天时，买方有权撤销合同，此时，卖方仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。
买方有权对因此遭受的其它损失向卖方提出索赔。
should the seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the contract， with the exception of force majeure causes specified in clause 21 of this contract， the buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation. the rate of penalty is charged at______% for every ______ days， odd days less than _____days should be counted as ______ days. but the penalty， however， shall not exceed_______% of the total value of the goods involved in the delayed delivery. in case the seller fail to make delivery ______ days later than the time of shipment stipulated in the contract， the buyer shall have the right to cancel the contract and the seller， in spite of the cancellation， shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the buyer without delay.
the buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the seller for the losses sustained if any.
21. 不可抗力(force majeure)：
凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时，卖方应立即通知买方，并在__天内，给买方特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下，卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续__天以上，买方有权撤销合同。
the seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to force majeure， which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. the seller shall advise the buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within_____ days thereafter the seller shall send a notice by courier to the buyer for their acceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence thereof. under such circumstances the seller， however， are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. in case the accident lasts for more than _____ days the buyer shall have the right to cancel the contract.
22. 争议的解决 (arbitration)：
凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请时该会当时施行的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。
any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. in case no settlement is reached， the dispute shall be submitted to china international economic and trade arbitration commission (cietac)，shenzhen commission， for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. the arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.
23. 通知(notices)：
所有通知用____文写成，并按照如下地址用传真/电子邮件/快件送达给各方。如果地址有变更，一方应在变更后__日内书面通知另一方。
all notice shall be written in _____ and served to both parties by fax/courier according to the following addresses. if any changes of the addresses occur， one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within ____days after the change.
24.本合同使用的fob、cfr、cif术语系根据国际商会《_____年国际贸易术语解释通则》。
the terms fob、cfr、cif in the contract are based on incoterms _____ of the international chamber of commerce.
25. 附加条款 (additional clause)：
本合同上述条款与本附加条款抵触时，以本附加条款为准。
conflicts between contract clause hereabove and this additional clause， if any， it is subject to this additional clause.
26. 本合同用中英文两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。本合同共__份，自双方代表签字(盖章)之日起生效。
this contract is executed in two counterparts each in chinese and english， each of which shall deemed equally authentic. this contract is in ______ copies， effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.
买方代表(签字)：________________________
representative of the buyer
(authorized signature)：___________________
卖方代表(签字)：_________________________
representative of the seller
(authorized signature)：____________________
2024英文合同 篇4
买方（Buyer）：
地址（Add）：
电话（Tel）： 传真（Fax）：
生产厂（Producer）：
地址（Add）：
电话（Tel）： 传真（Fax）：
为体现诚实信用的合同履行精神，防止延期交货的情况出现，双方协商一致，特制定如下条款：
In order to reflect the spirit of good faith and for avoidance of any delay in delivery, both parties hereby agree as follows:
一、本协议是执行主合同的关于延期交货的特别约定，主合同编号为：_______。
This agreement shall constitute a special covenant for implementing the provisions of delayed delivery as set forth in the Master Contract(Contract No._______).
二、主合同约定的交货日期为：_____年__月___日，运输方式为海运集装箱。
Delivery date provided in the Master Contract shall be _________, and transportation mode is marine container.
三、若生产厂无法按照上述交货期限的'约定交货的.，则买方有权要求改为空运方式运输，相应的空运费用约______美元（USD）从买方应当支付给生产厂的货款中扣除。(实际扣除金额以空运费单据为准)
Where the Producer fails to deliver goods pursuant to the above delivery period, the Buyer has right to amend the original transportation mode to air transportation and corresponding air freight charge is around _______(USD) deductible from payments for goods made by the Buyer to the Producer. (actual deductible amount shall be subject to air freight receipts)
买方（Buyer）：
买方代表人：（签章）Representative： (Sgn & Samp)
生产厂（Producer）：
生产厂代表人：（签章）Representative： (Sgn & Samp)
签约时间：_____年__月___日
Date of Signing：（D-M-Y）
2024英文合同 篇5
Lessor (Hereafter referred to as "THE LESSOR")出租人(以下简称甲方)：
ID Card No.身份证(护照)号：
TEL电话：
Mail Add通讯地址.：
Lessee: (Hereafter referred to as "THE LESSEE")承租人(以下简称乙方)：
ID Card No.身份证(护照)号：
TEL电话：
Mail Add通讯地址：
This Lease has been mutual agreed and set up by THE LESSEE complying with The Lease or Rent Contract Law Of The People"s Republic Of China and related regulations provided by the Tianjin government.
根据甲乙双方在自愿、平等、互利的基础上，经协商一致，订立本合同。内容如下：
1：The property to be leased is described as出租物业:
Location地点：
Area面积：
2：Rental fees租金:
2.1：RMB________ per month.该房屋月租为人民币__元;
大写：_____元整。
2.2: Rental should be payable on ________ month base in advance. The first rental shall be paid before moving in and the following rental shall be received by within the ________ day of each succeeding months term.
租金每__个月付一次。具体付款日期: __前支付，甲方收到为准。
2.3：Any delayed of the rental shall be charged 0.2% of the monthly rental day by day as a penalty. Delayed payment more than 7 days shall be regarded as a breach of the contract, THE LESSOR shall have the right to take back the premises after a prior written notice to THE
LESSEE, and THE LESSEE shall bear all the responsibilities caused by such breach.
乙方如逾期支付租金，每逾期一天，则乙方需按月租金的0.2%支付滞纳金，欠交租金超过七天，视同违约，甲方有权收回房屋，并由乙方承担一切违约责任。
2.4：Rental is to be paid in cash in RMB YUAN.THE LESSOR will make out receipt.租金以人民币支付，甲方出具收据。
3:押金Deposit:
3.1：At the time of signing of the contract, a deposit of months" equivalent rental RMB ______shall be paid by THE LESSEE in cash.签约时，承租人须支付相当于月房租的押金，即人民币___元整。该押金不得冲抵房款。
3.2：The deposit shall be refundable after its expiration or early termination ( with same currency and with no interest thereupon ), providing all furnishings, contents and rental property are not subject to any loss of unusual damage, and all the various bills have been duly settled.在合同到期或解约后,甲方在乙方不拖欠任何费用和保持室内设施完好的情况下即返还押金。
4：租期Lease term:
4.1：From the date____ to_____ for continuous_________ months. If residence is overstayed, one monthrent is due to lessor, even if oversay is less than one month.
乙方租用该房期限为____个月，即自____年____月____日至____年____月____日止。超过该租期，不足一个月按一个月计算。
4.2：No early termination either by THE LESSOR or by THE LESSEE is allowed during the lease period, Otherwise, one month rental penalty for such early termination shall be paid to the counter party.
在租赁合同期内，甲乙双方任何一方未经对方同意中途擅自解除合同的.，应向对方支付一个月的房租作为违约金。
4.3：At its expiration ,with a must of 30 days prior written notice to THE LESSOR, THE LESSEE retains his priority to renew this lease.THE LESSOR shall also inform THE LESSEE 30 days in advance whether the rental will be adjusted. If the occupants decide not to renewlease within THE LESSEE"s term, THE LESSEE shall give a prior written notice to THE LESSOR..本合同期满时，乙方有优先续租权，但须提前30天给予甲方书面通知，取得甲方的同意，并签订续租合同。甲方亦须在30天前通知乙方是否变动租金。
4.4: If Force Majeure (such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, non-man-made fire, government order etc.)cause to terminating the contract, THE LESSEE and THE LESSOR should be free of duty.
因洪水、地震、或政府拆迁、征用等不可抗力原因，造成双方不得不中止合同，双方不承担违约责任，按实际天数计算房租。
4.5：In case that the property ownership is transferred during the lease, THE LESSEE has the right to continue to use the said premises according to the contract without any disturbance from THE LESSOR or any the third party.
在租赁期间，甲方的房屋所有权发生转移，乙方有权继续主张本合同的权利和义务，甲方及第三方不能损害乙方的权利和义务。
5：Lease Term租赁条件:
5.1: These premises are limited of residential use only by THE LESSEE, and are prohibited from registering as legal address for any company or agency, or using as public office.乙方不得将该房屋用作公司或代表处的.注册地址。
5.2：THE LESSEE shall not carry in the premises any unlawful of illegal activities which are not allowed according to China laws and the leasing regulations of the government. Otherwise, THE LESSOR shall have the right to take back the premises after a prior written notice to THE LESSEE.
乙方不得在出租房屋内进行违反中国法律及政府对出租房屋用途有关规定的行为，否则甲方有权在书面通知乙方后收回房屋。
5.3：THE LESSEE shall not partly or totally sublet, sell, lend, mortgage, exchange, exchange the said premises or use it so as to raise any joint-venture or become a certain shareholder without the written permission from THE LESSOR. Otherwise, THE LESSOR can terminate the contract and confiscate the deposit. THE LESSEE and the third party shall return the property unconditionally to THE LESSOR. THE LESSEE shall bear all the responsibilities caused herefrom.
未经甲方书面同意，乙方不得将出租房屋转租、分租、转让、转借、联营、入股、抵押或与他人调剂交换使用，否则甲方有权终止合同并
没收押金。乙方及第三方必须无条件退还出租房，且由乙方承担一切违约责任。
5.4：THE LESSEE should pay in time the water, gas, electricity , heating fee, the Tel-Bills, TV receiving , managing fee and the lease related invoice taxes on actual user basis. Delayed payment more than 15 days shall be regarded as a breach of the contract, THE LESSOR shall have the right to take back the premises after a prior written notice to THE LESSEE, and THE LESSEE shall bear all the responsibilities caused by such breach.
乙方应按时支付因租用该出租房屋而产生的有关费用，包括：水费、电费、煤气费、暖气费、存车费、电话费和有线电视收视费、物业管
理费、发票税金等费用。如经甲方催促，乙方仍欠交费用，超过15天，甲方有权收回房屋，并由乙方承担一切违约责任。
5.5：The damage of the premises or the fittings that is within the control of THE LESSEE shall be borne by THE LESSEE,
and THE LESSEE shall contact the management office or THE LESSOR instantly. If THE LESSEE refuses to compensate or to contact the management office to repair, THE LESSOR shall have the right to repair and charge the cost from THE LESSEE. The cost of repairs to the said premises, if damaged by Force Majeure (such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, non-man-made fire, etc.), reasonable wear and tear or by accidents beyond THE LESSEE"s control, should be borne by THE LESSOR.
因乙方使用不当，房屋及其内的设施出现损坏，乙方应及时联络管理机构进行维修，并负担有关维修费用。若乙方拒不维修或赔偿，甲方有权代为维修，维修所需费用由乙方承担;但由于不可抗力，如地震、台风、洪水、非人为的火灾等，自然损耗或乙方以外的原因造成的损坏，由甲方承担有关费用。
5.6：THE LESSEE, upon written permission of THE LESSOR, may make additions or alterations dealing with water, electricity supply or fire protection, at his own expense, subject to necessary permits or licenses required by the authorities concerned and under the supervision of THE LESSOR. No structural alterations can be removed from the premises, upon expiration or termination of this contract. No reimbursement for said additions, and any structural damage to the premises must be repaired or compensated by THE LESSEE.
租赁期内，乙方对出租房屋进行装修或增加设施须征得甲方同意并经政府有关部门批准，并由甲方执行监理，所需费用由乙方承担。双方解约时，乙方不能移走自行添加的.结构性设施，甲方亦不必对上述添加设施进行补偿。如损坏原有之设施，由乙方负责修复或赔偿。
5.7：THE LESSEE shall obey the regulations made by the management office such as not to litter or take any private use of public area and etc.
租用房屋之内部卫生，设施保养、维护均由乙方负责。乙方不得占用公共场所及通道作任何用途。
5.8：THE LESSEE shall have the right to move in after paying off the deposit and the first term of rental.
乙方在付清押金，首期租金后即可入住。
5.9：In case there is a cut of water, power or any other hitch which is caused by the accident beyond the control of THE LESSEE, THE LESSOR shall take the responsibility to assist and push the authorities concerned to repair and resume it as soon as possible.若由于甲方以外原因导致出租房屋停水，停电或其他故障，甲方有义务敦促并协助有关部门抢修，使之尽快得以恢复。
5.10：THE LESSEE shall not store in or out of the premises any inflammable or dangerous thing, nor let any corrosive or dirty thing come out of the premises.
乙方须做好安全及防火工作，不得在房屋内外存储或排放有害，腐蚀性或污臭物质，严禁存储易燃，易爆品。
5.11：Insurance: THE LESSOR will retain insurance on his property and belongings, and THE LESSEE will be responsible for his own property brought into or kept in proximity of the premises. If there is anything lost, THE LESSOR shall assist to conduct investigations, but has no responsibility to compensate it.
乙方须负责好自己带来的财物，妥善保管，如有意外，甲方可协助调查，但不负责赔偿。
5.12：THE LESSEE shall return the property intact to THE LESSOR at the expiration of the contract if there is no renewal thereupon. THE LESSOR shall have the right to take any effective measures to take back the premises in case that THE LESSEE refuses to move out at the expiration of the contract.
租赁期满，若甲、乙双方未达成续租协议，乙方应于租期届满时或之前迁离出租房屋并将钥匙及房屋按租用时之状况归还甲方。若乙方逾期不迁离或不归还出租房屋，则甲方有权采取有效措施收回出租房屋并另行处理。
5.13：THE LESSOR or his nominees, with the pre-notice and consent to THE LESSEE, shall have the right to inspect or repair the premises at any reasonable time (except for emergency). If THE LESSEE had any trouble ,which was foreign to THE LESSOR ,with the third party。在双方合同期间或解除合同后，乙方与第三方的任何纠纷都与甲方无关，乙方应自行解决。
6：Other conditions其它条件:
6.1：Three copies of the lease will be drawn, and remain in the possession of THE LESSOR , THE LESSEE and THE WITNESS.本合同一式三份，甲、乙双方各持一份，见证方一份，具有同等法律效力。
6.3：The contract is drawn in both Chinese and English versions. Chinese versions will have validity finally in law. The contract shall come into force on the date that the lessor receives the deposit and the frist term of rental.
本合同为中英文版本，中英文具有同等效力。发生争议，以中文为最终解释。本合同自出租人收到首期房租和押金后生效。
6.4：The appendix(Property list ) is an indivisible part of this contract.合同的附件是本合同不可分割的组成部分。
Signatures or official marks签章:
THE LESSOR甲方：
THE LESSEE乙方：
THE WITNESS见证方
DATE日期:
2024英文合同 篇6
TIMBER SALE CONTRACT - SAMPLE
The following document offers excellent guidelines when preparing a timber sale contract. Separate articles may be added to suit specific circumstances. It is advised that the Seller and Purchaser employ legal counsel to review the contract prior to its endorsement.
Contract entered into this ______ day of _____, 20___., by and between __________ of _________ Illinois, hereinafter called the Seller, and _____________, of ____________(city), ___________(state), Illinois Timber Buyer License Number _______, hereinafter called the Purchaser, WITNESSETH:
1. The Seller agrees to sell and the Purchaser agrees to buy for the total sum of ________dollars ($_______) under the conditions set forth in this contract all of the live standing timber marked or designated for cutting and all of the dead or down timber marked or designated upon an area of approximately _____ acres, situated in the _________ of Section ________, Twp._______ R._______, ____________ County, Illinois, on land owned and recorded in the name of _______________________.
The Purchaser further agrees to pay to the Seller as an initial payment under this contract the sum of _________________ dollars ($_________), receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, and a final payment in the sum of ________________ dollars ($_______), prior to any cutting or removal of timber under this contract.
2. The Seller further agrees to mark and dispose of the timber conveyed in this contract in strict accordance with the following conditions:
(a) All trees to be included in this sale will be marked with a distinctive mark on the bole and stump of each tree.
(b) No trees under _____ inches in diameter at a point 4 1/2 feet from the ground will be marked for cutting.
(c) No concurrent contract involving the area or period covered in this contract has been or will be entered into by the Seller without the written consent of the Purchaser
(d) The Purchaser and his employees shall have access to the area at all reasonable times and seasons for the purpose of carrying out the terms of this contract.
(e) Unless otherwise specified, all material contained in the marked or designated trees is included in this sale
(f)
(g)
3. The Purchaser further agrees to cut and remove all of the timber conveyed in this contract in strict accordance with the following conditions:
(a) Unless an extension of time is agreed upon in writing between the Seller and Purchaser, all timber shall be paid for, cut, and removed on or before and none after the _____ day of _______, 20___, and any material not so removed shall revert to the Seller.
(b) Unmarked trees and young timber shall be protected against unnecessary injury from felling and logging operations. If, however, unmarked trees are cut, damages shall be paid the Seller at the rate of $1 per tree per M bd. ft. for all other species, and in the event that any such trees are cut, said trees shall remain upon the premises and shall be the property of the Seller.
(c) Necessary logging roads shall be cleared by the Purchaser only after their locations have been definitely agreed upon with the Seller or his representative, and any trees to be removed in the clearing operations shall first be marked by the Seller.
(d) During the life of this contract and on the area covered, care shall be exercised by the Purchaser and his employees against the starting and spread of fire, and they shall do all in their power to prevent and control fires.
(e) Any liability for damage, destruction, or restoration of private or public improvements or personal damages occasioned by or in the exercise of this contract shall be the sole responsibility of the Purchaser, and the Purchaser shall save harmless the Seller on account of such damages.
(f) The risk if loss or damage to the trees herein purchased, from any and all causes whatever, shall be borne by purchasers from the date hereof.
(g) The Purchaser will not assign this agreement without the written consent of the Seller.
(h)
(g)
(i)
4. The Seller and Purchaser mutually agree as follows:
(a) All modifications of the contract will be reduced to writing, dated, signed, and witnessed and attached to this contract.
(b) Any need for reassignment of interest of either party may be changed within 10 days following written consent by both parties. All terms of this contract legally bind the named representatives to excuse this document as written.
(c) The total number of trees conveyed is _____ (having a volume of approximately _____bd. ft.) composed as follows:
_______ white oak, _______ red and black oak, __________________, ____________________, ______________________, __________________.
(d) In case of dispute over the terms of this contract, final decision shall rest with a reputable person to be mutually agreed upon the by parties to this contract. If the parties hereto do not agree upon a third party within 10 days following the initiation of the dispute, or in the case of further disagreement, then within 15 days from the initiation of the dispute, it shall be submitted to a Board of Arbitration of three persons, one to be selected by each party to this contract and the third to be selected by the other two. The Board shall decide the dispute within 5 days after the matter is referred to it.
In the event that damages are awarded to the Seller by the Board of Arbitration and are not paid on the date that the award is made, then all operations of the Purchaser shall immediately cease, and if the award is not paid or satisfied within 30 days after the date of award, the Seller may take immediate possession of the premises upon which the timber is located, shall retain as liquidated damages all money paid by the Purchaser, and the title to all timber shall revert to and become the property of the seller.
In witness whereof, the parties hereto have set their hands and seals this __________ day of ______________________ 20____.
WITNESSES:
______________________________ ______________________________
for the Purchaser Purchaser
______________________________ ______________________________
for the Seller Seller
2024英文合同 篇7
出售方：（以下简称“甲方” ）
买受方：（以下简称“乙方” ）
中介方：________有限公司 （以下简称“丙方” ）
Seller: （hereinafter “Party A” ）
Buyer: (hereinafter “Party B”)
Broker：Shanghai Chenxin Real Estate Co. Ltd. （hereinafter “Party C” ）
经丙方中介介绍，甲、乙双方就_____市__________区__________路______弄__________号______室及__________车位（以下简称“该房地产”）的转让事宜，签订本协议，协议内容如下（有□选择的，以√为准）：
With the introduction of Party C, Party A and Party B enter into the agreement concerning the transfer of ____ Suite and its ancillary carport located at ____ of _____ Alley, _____Avenue _____District of Shanghai (hereinafter as “Real Estate”) detailed as follows (“√” shall be filled in the corresponding“□”, if appropriate):
一、【该房地产基本情况】
BASIC INFORMATION
1、 该房地产：房地产权证书号为：______________；房屋面积：____________平方米；车位面积：___________平方米。
2、 该房地产 □ 已 □ 未设定抵押。
3、 该房地产 □ 已 □ 未出租。若该房地产已出租，则甲方应保证承租人已经放弃优先购买权，若因承租人以优先购买权引发纠纷，则甲方愿意承担全部法律责任。
4、 有关该房地产的权属情况，若上述填写资料与实际情况不符或不详尽的，以_____市房地产登记簿记载的信息为准。
1) Certificate of title to this real estate is numbered as __________ with floor space of ______ ㎡and the related carport are ______ ㎡.
2) Mortgage is made on this real estate: □ Yes □ No.
3) This real estate has been leased: □ Yes □ No. If “Yes”, Party A shall guarantee that lessee has waived the right of preemption. Any and all legal liabilities arising out of or in connection with the exercise of such rights by lessee shall be borne by Party A.
4) If the title of this real estate mentioned above is not clearly indicated or is incorrect, information listed in the register of Shanghai Real Estate Office shall be applied.
二、【转让总价及定金与款项的选择适用】
TRANSFER PRICE AND DEPOSIT, OPTION OF PAYMENT
甲乙双方明确，该房地产的转让总价款：人民币大写_______________元（其中含车位转让款人民币___________元）。乙方于签署本协议时，支付诚意金人民币__________________ 元至中介方，并委托中介方与甲方洽谈；若甲方接受交易条件并签署本协议，则乙方委托中介方将诚意金转交给甲方作为款项。若至_____年_____月____日，甲方仍未签署本协议的`，则乙方有权至中介方处无息取回诚意金；若乙方未按时取回诚意金，则视为继续委托中介方与甲方洽谈。本协议签订当日乙方直接向甲方支付款项人民币_____________________元。 甲方同意在本合同签订后 日内，乙方向甲方支付款项人民币________元，该款项由乙方或乙方授权的其他人以现金方式交付或支付至甲方的指定账户，若采用支付至甲方指定账户的，下述账户已为甲方所确认：
户名：_________________ 账号：___________________ 开户行：________________
Party A and Party B expressly agree that the total transfer price of this real estate is CNY ________ inclusive of transfer price of carport as CNY _______. Party B agree that it shall pay Earnest Money as CNY ________ to Party C at this contract date and entrust Party C to negotiate with Party A. if Party A accept and sign this contract, Party B may authorize Party C to transfer such Earnest Money to Party A as deposit; provided, however, Party B may require the repayment of Earnest Money free of interests by Party C if Party A fail to sign this contract prior to ___________. In such event, it shall constitute that continue entrustment has been granted to Party C if Party B fail to take such Earnest Money in due time. Party B shall pay CNY __________ to Party A directly as deposit at this contract date. Party A agree that Party B may pay CNY __________ to it as deposit within ______ days from this contract date. Such deposit shall be paid in cash by Party B or its designee or made through T/T to the following bank account affirmed by Party A: Account Holder: ________Bank Account: _______ Bank Name: _________
三、【买卖交易细则】
SALES RULES
1) 转让总价款：人民币大写_______________ _________元（其中含车位转让款人民币大写______________________ 元）。
2) 双方同意按以下方式支付款项：
第一笔房款：甲、乙双方同意自《_____市房地产买卖合同》示范文本签订后_____日内，乙方向甲方支付的上述款项 人民币_________元作为乙方支付的首笔房款。
第二笔房款：乙方于______年_____月_____日前，支付甲方房款人民币___________________元。
第三笔房款：可按以下情况选择支付方式：□ 乙方通过银行按揭贷款的方式向甲方支付第三笔房款人民币__________________元，该款项由 银行在取得抵押人为乙方的他项权利证明后直接划入甲方帐户。 □ 甲乙双方同意共同至房地产交易中心办理该房地产过户手续，并取得房地产登记处的核发的收件收据后_____日内，乙方向甲方支付房款人民币________________元。
第四笔房款：□在办妥房屋交付手续当日，乙方向甲方支付房款人民币___________________元。 □甲乙双方同意，在签署买卖合同时将交房款人民币____________元交丙方监管至房屋交付手续办妥之日，丙方凭《房屋交接书》向甲方支付上述款项。
1） The total transfer price of this real estate is CNY ________ inclusive of transfer price of carport as CNY _______.
2） Such transfer price shall be made in installments as follows:
The first installment shall be made to Party A by Party B as CNY ________ (inclusive of deposit) within ______ days from commencement date of Sales Contract for the Real Estate Located in Shanghai City (“Sales Contract”).
The second installment as CNY ______________shall be made to Party A by Party B prior to ___________. The third installment may be made as follows:
□ CNY _________ as third installment shall be made to Party A by Party B through bank mortgage loans, which shall be directly paid to Party A’s bank account upon the certificate evidencing Party B as mortgagor has been presented to the lending bank, provided, □ Party A and Party B agree to fulfill the transfer formalities for this real estate before Real Estate Trading Center and Party B shall pay Party B CNY _____________ within _____days upon the certificate issued by real estate register has been received.The fourth installment as CNY _____________ shall be paid. □ To Party A by Party B at the date on which the transfer formalities of this real estate has been fulfilled; or □ to Party A by Party C upon the receipt of Deed of Transfer if, as agreed by Party A and Party B, CNY _______ equal to such fourth installment has been delivered to Party C for escrow until the full fulfillment of transfer formalities.
3） 产权过户：待该房地产之抵押登记（若有）已经注销且乙方申请的按揭贷款（若有）经银行审核通过，具备过户条件具备后，最晚不迟于______年_____月_____日，共同至该房地产所在区交易中心办理房地产过户手续。
3）Transfer. Within _____ days upon the revocation of mortgage registration for this real estate (if any) and the loans acquired by Party B therefore (if any) satisfying the applicable requirements after the review of related bank (in no event late than _______), Party A and Party
B shall fulfill the transfer formalities before the trading center of that district where this real estate is located.
4） 房屋交付：甲方于收到乙方全部转让款项当日，将该房地产交付乙方，双方应签署《房屋交接书》。交付前的.物业管理费及公用事业费由甲方承担，交付后的物业管理费及公用事业费由乙方承担。固定装修、附属设施设备以及经甲乙双方确认的家电、家具等价格已经包含在该房地产转让总价款内，甲方须保证该房屋内附属设施、设备均能正常使用及室内装饰与签订买卖合同之日的状况相符。
4）Delivery. At the date on which all transfer prices，party A shall deliver this real estate to Party
B and the Certificate of Transfer and Handover shall be concluded by the Parties therefore. Property Management Fees and Utilities Expenses arising out of or in connection with this real estate shall be borne by Party A prior to such delivery, or shall be borne by Party B upon such delivery.
Charges or expenses related to the fixtures and ancillary equipments & facilities of this real estate, as well as the prices of home appliances and furniture agreed by the Parties, have been included in the transfer price and Party A guarantee that all such ancillary equipments & facilities may work properly, all interior decorations thereof satisfy the conditions provided herein .
5）相关费用：Miscellaneous Charge.
[交易税费]：双方同意，交易中所涉及的上述买卖双方的税费由 □各自承担并支付；□由甲方承担并支付；□由乙方承担并支付。
[公证费]：若交易涉及买卖合同公证，费用由□双方分担并支付；□由甲方承担并支付；□由乙方承担并支付。
[中介报酬]：对于中介方提供中介服务所产生的报酬事宜。 Trade Tax. The Parties agree that any and all taxes and charges arising out of transaction hereunder shall be borne and paid by □ Party A; or □ Party B.
Notary Fees. Any notary fees arising out of or in connection with transaction hereunder shall be borne and paid by □ Party A; □ Party B; or □ Party A and Party B. Brokerage
fees. Brokerage feess paid to broker for any brokerage service provided shall be detailed in attached Schedule “Acknowledgement of Brokerage fees”.
四、【法律责任的选择适用】
APPLICATION OF LEGAL LIABILITIES
甲方保证该房地产产权清晰、权属明确，无异议登记、单方预告登记，无司法、行政查封等限制性交易情形存在；若因本条所述情况导致本协议效力瑕疵，甲方应返还乙方所有已付房款并赔偿乙方实际损失。
Party a guarantees that it has full and clear ownership to this real estate, which is free of any dispute registered, unilateral advanced registration, judicial or administrative attachment or other events restricting trades. If any defect affecting the validity of this Contract is occurred due to any misrepresentation hereunder, Party A shall refund all transfer prices paid by Party B, and indemnify any and all losses and damages suffered by Party B there-from.
五、【争议解决】
6DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
各方在本协议履行过程中发生争议的，应友好协商；协商不成的，应向该房地产所在地人民法院起诉。
Any dispute arising out of or in connection with the performance hereof shall be settled by amiable negotiation, if fails, either Party may bring a lawsuit before the People’s Court with jurisdiction where this real estate is located.
六、【合同效力】
VALIDITY
本协议自甲、乙双方签署起对甲、乙生效，丙方签署后对丙方生效，一式三份，甲、乙、丙三方各执一份。
This Contract shall have binding force to Party A and Party B upon signatures of such two Parties are made hereon, and shall have binding force to Party C if signature of Party C is also made hereon. This Contract shall be executed in triplicate and each Party shall have one copy.
Seller: （hereinafter “Party A” ）
Buyer: (hereinafter “Party B”)
Broker：
date:
2024英文合同 篇8
Loan Agreement
甲方（出借方）：
Party A (Borrower):
乙方（借款方）：
Party B (Lender):
甲方为乙方股东之一，就甲方借款给乙方相关事宜，经协商一致达成以下协议：PartyAis one shareholder of Party B, regarding the issue that Party A lend a loan to Party B, after Parties friendly negotiation , agreed as follows:
第一条借款金额The amount of the loan
甲方借给乙方人民币______________。甲方所指定的第三人向乙方出借的款项视同出借方本人向乙方的.出借款。
Party A lends to Party B. Capital that lending from the 3rd Party _____ that designated by Party A would be
regarded as Party A’s lent capital to Party B.
第二条借款期限
Term of the loan
借款期限自_____ 年__ 月__ 日至_____ 年__ 月__ 日止。
The term shall start from________and end to ___